{"version":1,"site":{"origin":"https://aging-studio.com","name":"aging-studio","description":"An educational health atlas connecting public research, illustrative pathways and regional context. Not medical advice or a personal risk prediction."},"scope":"Public editorial research only; no accounts, personal health data or wearable readings.","records":[{"id":"activity-lifespan","kind":"journal","title":"Leisure time physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity and mortality: a large pooled cohort analysis","description":"Compared with no leisure-time activity, 300–449 brisk-walking-equivalent minutes/week was associated with 4.2 more years (95% CI 4.0–4.5); 150–299 minutes with 3.4 (3.2–3.6).","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Moore SC et al. · PLOS Medicine · 2012 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335"],["Study design","Pooled prospective cohorts"],["Population","654,827 adults in six US/Swedish cohorts; life-expectancy estimates for age 40+."],["Measured outcome","Estimated remaining life expectancy"],["Finding","Compared with no leisure-time activity, 300–449 brisk-walking-equivalent minutes/week was associated with 4.2 more years (95% CI 4.0–4.5); 150–299 minutes with 3.4 (3.2–3.6)."],["Limitations","Self-reported activity, residual confounding and selection limit causal interpretation. These are population associations, not years earned by following a schedule."],["Habit topics","Move through the week"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Moore SC et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23139642"}],"related":["journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/daily-steps"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/activity-lifespan","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/activity-lifespan","text":"Citation: Moore SC et al. · PLOS Medicine · 2012 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001335\n\nStudy design: Pooled prospective cohorts\n\nPopulation: 654,827 adults in six US/Swedish cohorts; life-expectancy estimates for age 40+.\n\nMeasured outcome: Estimated remaining life expectancy\n\nFinding: Compared with no leisure-time activity, 300–449 brisk-walking-equivalent minutes/week was associated with 4.2 more years (95% CI 4.0–4.5); 150–299 minutes with 3.4 (3.2–3.6).\n\nLimitations: Self-reported activity, residual confounding and selection limit causal interpretation. These are population associations, not years earned by following a schedule.\n\nHabit topics: Move through the week\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"lifestyle-lifespan","kind":"journal","title":"Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population","description":"Five versus zero study factors: published life-expectancy contrasts of 14.0 years in women (95% CI 11.8–16.2) and 12.2 in men (10.1–14.2).","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Li Y et al. · Circulation · 2018 · DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047"],["Study design","Cohorts plus life-table modeling"],["Population","78,865 women and 44,354 men in US health-professional cohorts, combined with US population data; estimates at age 50."],["Measured outcome","Modeled total life expectancy"],["Finding","Five versus zero study factors: published life-expectancy contrasts of 14.0 years in women (95% CI 11.8–16.2) and 12.2 in men (10.1–14.2)."],["Limitations","Observational/model-based; not a personalized forecast. Cohorts overlap with Li 2020, so these are not independent replications. Historical score included moderate alcohol and a BMI range; neither is a universal prescription. Do not start drinking."],["Habit topics","Move through the week; Build a plant-rich plate; Stay smoke-free; get support to quit; Read body-size findings in context"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Li Y et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29712712"}],"related":["journal/activity-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/smoking-cessation-us","journal/smoking-doctors","journal/daily-steps","journal/fibre","journal/nuts-mortality","journal/mediterranean-trial"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/lifestyle-lifespan","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/lifestyle-lifespan","text":"Citation: Li Y et al. · Circulation · 2018 · DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047\n\nStudy design: Cohorts plus life-table modeling\n\nPopulation: 78,865 women and 44,354 men in US health-professional cohorts, combined with US population data; estimates at age 50.\n\nMeasured outcome: Modeled total life expectancy\n\nFinding: Five versus zero study factors: published life-expectancy contrasts of 14.0 years in women (95% CI 11.8–16.2) and 12.2 in men (10.1–14.2).\n\nLimitations: Observational/model-based; not a personalized forecast. Cohorts overlap with Li 2020, so these are not independent replications. Historical score included moderate alcohol and a BMI range; neither is a universal prescription. Do not start drinking.\n\nHabit topics: Move through the week; Build a plant-rich plate; Stay smoke-free; get support to quit; Read body-size findings in context\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"healthy-longevity","kind":"journal","title":"Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study","description":"Four/five versus zero factors: women 34.4 versus 23.7 disease-free years; men 31.1 versus 23.5. Differences of 10.7 and 7.6 are calculated from rounded endpoints.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Li Y et al. · BMJ · 2020 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6669"],["Study design","Prospective cohorts with life-table estimates"],["Population","73,196 women and 38,366 men in US health-professional cohorts; estimates at age 50."],["Measured outcome","Life expectancy free of three disease groups"],["Finding","Four/five versus zero factors: women 34.4 versus 23.7 disease-free years; men 31.1 versus 23.5. Differences of 10.7 and 7.6 are calculated from rounded endpoints."],["Limitations","Disease-free here means free of cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes—not every disease. Associations are not causal gains. No confidence interval for the arithmetic difference is inferred from endpoint intervals. Shares cohorts with Li 2018."],["Habit topics","Move through the week; Build a plant-rich plate; Stay smoke-free; get support to quit; Read body-size findings in context"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Li Y et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6669"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31915124"}],"related":["journal/activity-lifespan","journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/smoking-cessation-us","journal/smoking-doctors","journal/daily-steps","journal/fibre","journal/nuts-mortality","journal/mediterranean-trial"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/healthy-longevity","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/healthy-longevity","text":"Citation: Li Y et al. · BMJ · 2020 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.l6669\n\nStudy design: Prospective cohorts with life-table estimates\n\nPopulation: 73,196 women and 38,366 men in US health-professional cohorts; estimates at age 50.\n\nMeasured outcome: Life expectancy free of three disease groups\n\nFinding: Four/five versus zero factors: women 34.4 versus 23.7 disease-free years; men 31.1 versus 23.5. Differences of 10.7 and 7.6 are calculated from rounded endpoints.\n\nLimitations: Disease-free here means free of cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes—not every disease. Associations are not causal gains. No confidence interval for the arithmetic difference is inferred from endpoint intervals. Shares cohorts with Li 2018.\n\nHabit topics: Move through the week; Build a plant-rich plate; Stay smoke-free; get support to quit; Read body-size findings in context\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"smoking-cessation-us","kind":"journal","title":"21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States","description":"Quitting at ages 25–34, 35–44 or 45–54 was associated with about 10, 9 or 6 more years, respectively, versus continuing to smoke.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Jha P et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2013 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1211128"],["Study design","Prospective mortality follow-up"],["Population","113,752 women and 88,496 men in the US National Health Interview Survey."],["Measured outcome","Life expectancy by smoking and cessation history"],["Finding","Quitting at ages 25–34, 35–44 or 45–54 was associated with about 10, 9 or 6 more years, respectively, versus continuing to smoke."],["Limitations","These contrasts apply to people who smoked, not additional years for never-smokers. Observational population estimates depend on smoking history and cessation age."],["Habit topics","Stay smoke-free; get support to quit"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Jha P et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1211128"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23343063"}],"related":["journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/smoking-doctors"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/smoking-cessation-us","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/smoking-cessation-us","text":"Citation: Jha P et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2013 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1211128\n\nStudy design: Prospective mortality follow-up\n\nPopulation: 113,752 women and 88,496 men in the US National Health Interview Survey.\n\nMeasured outcome: Life expectancy by smoking and cessation history\n\nFinding: Quitting at ages 25–34, 35–44 or 45–54 was associated with about 10, 9 or 6 more years, respectively, versus continuing to smoke.\n\nLimitations: These contrasts apply to people who smoked, not additional years for never-smokers. Observational population estimates depend on smoking history and cessation age.\n\nHabit topics: Stay smoke-free; get support to quit\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"smoking-doctors","kind":"journal","title":"Mortality in relation to smoking: 50 years’ observations on male British doctors","description":"Stopping at approximately 60, 50, 40 or 30 was associated with about 3, 6, 9 or 10 years relative to continuing.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Doll R et al. · BMJ · 2004 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae"],["Study design","50-year prospective cohort"],["Population","34,439 male British doctors followed from 1951 to 2001."],["Measured outcome","Mortality and life expectancy"],["Finding","Stopping at approximately 60, 50, 40 or 30 was associated with about 3, 6, 9 or 10 years relative to continuing."],["Limitations","Historical male occupational cohort; not automatically representative of women or other populations. Do not add these years to the Jha estimates—they address the same exposure."],["Habit topics","Stay smoke-free; get support to quit"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Doll R et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/15213107"}],"related":["journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/smoking-cessation-us"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/smoking-doctors","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/smoking-doctors","text":"Citation: Doll R et al. · BMJ · 2004 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.ae\n\nStudy design: 50-year prospective cohort\n\nPopulation: 34,439 male British doctors followed from 1951 to 2001.\n\nMeasured outcome: Mortality and life expectancy\n\nFinding: Stopping at approximately 60, 50, 40 or 30 was associated with about 3, 6, 9 or 10 years relative to continuing.\n\nLimitations: Historical male occupational cohort; not automatically representative of women or other populations. Do not add these years to the Jha estimates—they address the same exposure.\n\nHabit topics: Stay smoke-free; get support to quit\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"daily-steps","kind":"journal","title":"Daily steps and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of 15 international cohorts","description":"Associations flattened around 6,000–8,000 steps/day in adults 60+ and 8,000–10,000 in younger adults. These are observed dose-response ranges, not mandatory targets.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Paluch AE et al. · The Lancet Public Health · 2022 · DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9"],["Study design","Meta-analysis of 15 cohorts"],["Population","47,471 adults; 3,013 deaths; median follow-up 7.1 years."],["Measured outcome","All-cause mortality association"],["Finding","Associations flattened around 6,000–8,000 steps/day in adults 60+ and 8,000–10,000 in younger adults. These are observed dose-response ranges, not mandatory targets."],["Limitations","Observational, with device and population differences; no life-years estimate. Activity and step evidence overlap and cannot be added."],["Habit topics","Move through the week"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Paluch AE et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/35247352"}],"related":["journal/activity-lifespan","journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/daily-steps","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/daily-steps","text":"Citation: Paluch AE et al. · The Lancet Public Health · 2022 · DOI: 10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00302-9\n\nStudy design: Meta-analysis of 15 cohorts\n\nPopulation: 47,471 adults; 3,013 deaths; median follow-up 7.1 years.\n\nMeasured outcome: All-cause mortality association\n\nFinding: Associations flattened around 6,000–8,000 steps/day in adults 60+ and 8,000–10,000 in younger adults. These are observed dose-response ranges, not mandatory targets.\n\nLimitations: Observational, with device and population differences; no life-years estimate. Activity and step evidence overlap and cannot be added.\n\nHabit topics: Move through the week\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"nuts-mortality","kind":"journal","title":"Nut consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer, all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies","description":"Per 28 g/day higher nut intake, pooled relative risk of all-cause mortality was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72–0.84).","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Aune D et al. · BMC Medicine · 2016 · DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3"],["Study design","Prospective-study meta-analysis"],["Population","20 studies (29 publications); 15 studies contributed to all-cause mortality analysis."],["Measured outcome","All-cause mortality association"],["Finding","Per 28 g/day higher nut intake, pooled relative risk of all-cause mortality was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72–0.84)."],["Limitations","Not an absolute risk reduction or a life-years estimate. Confounding, dietary substitution and allergies matter; never recommend nuts to someone with a nut allergy."],["Habit topics","Build a plant-rich plate"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Aune D et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27916000"}],"related":["journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/fibre","journal/mediterranean-trial"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/nuts-mortality","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/nuts-mortality","text":"Citation: Aune D et al. · BMC Medicine · 2016 · DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0730-3\n\nStudy design: Prospective-study meta-analysis\n\nPopulation: 20 studies (29 publications); 15 studies contributed to all-cause mortality analysis.\n\nMeasured outcome: All-cause mortality association\n\nFinding: Per 28 g/day higher nut intake, pooled relative risk of all-cause mortality was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72–0.84).\n\nLimitations: Not an absolute risk reduction or a life-years estimate. Confounding, dietary substitution and allergies matter; never recommend nuts to someone with a nut allergy.\n\nHabit topics: Build a plant-rich plate\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"mediterranean-trial","kind":"journal","title":"Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts","description":"Adjusted hazard ratios versus reduced-fat advice were 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.91) with extra-virgin olive oil and 0.72 (0.54–0.95) with nuts.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Estruch R et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2018 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389"],["Study design","Reanalyzed dietary intervention trial"],["Population","7,447 Spanish adults aged 55–80 at high cardiovascular risk; median follow-up 4.8 years."],["Measured outcome","Major cardiovascular events, not lifespan"],["Finding","Adjusted hazard ratios versus reduced-fat advice were 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.91) with extra-virgin olive oil and 0.72 (0.54–0.95) with nuts."],["Limitations","Use this 2018 reanalysis, not the withdrawn 2013 report. Randomization deviations required revised analyses. High-risk cohort and supported intervention limit generalization; not proven life-years gained."],["Habit topics","Build a plant-rich plate"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Estruch R et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1800389"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/29897866"}],"related":["journal/lifestyle-lifespan","journal/healthy-longevity","journal/fibre","journal/nuts-mortality"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/mediterranean-trial","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/mediterranean-trial","text":"Citation: Estruch R et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2018 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389\n\nStudy design: Reanalyzed dietary intervention trial\n\nPopulation: 7,447 Spanish adults aged 55–80 at high cardiovascular risk; median follow-up 4.8 years.\n\nMeasured outcome: Major cardiovascular events, not lifespan\n\nFinding: Adjusted hazard ratios versus reduced-fat advice were 0.69 (95% CI 0.53–0.91) with extra-virgin olive oil and 0.72 (0.54–0.95) with nuts.\n\nLimitations: Use this 2018 reanalysis, not the withdrawn 2013 report. Randomization deviations required revised analyses. High-risk cohort and supported intervention limit generalization; not proven life-years gained.\n\nHabit topics: Build a plant-rich plate\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"sleep-duration","kind":"journal","title":"Sleep duration and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","description":"Both short and long reported sleep duration were associated with higher mortality than the reference durations used in the contributing studies.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Cappuccio FP et al. · Sleep · 2010 · DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.5.585"],["Study design","Prospective-study meta-analysis"],["Population","16 studies, 27 cohort samples; approximately 1.38 million adults."],["Measured outcome","All-cause mortality association"],["Finding","Both short and long reported sleep duration were associated with higher mortality than the reference durations used in the contributing studies."],["Limitations","Self-reported sleep and underlying illness may explain part of the association. Longer sleep is not automatically harmful; this does not establish an optimal schedule or life-years benefit."],["Habit topics","Keep a steadier sleep rhythm"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Cappuccio FP et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.5.585"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20469800"}],"related":["journal/sleep-regularity"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/sleep-duration","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/sleep-duration","text":"Citation: Cappuccio FP et al. · Sleep · 2010 · DOI: 10.1093/sleep/33.5.585\n\nStudy design: Prospective-study meta-analysis\n\nPopulation: 16 studies, 27 cohort samples; approximately 1.38 million adults.\n\nMeasured outcome: All-cause mortality association\n\nFinding: Both short and long reported sleep duration were associated with higher mortality than the reference durations used in the contributing studies.\n\nLimitations: Self-reported sleep and underlying illness may explain part of the association. Longer sleep is not automatically harmful; this does not establish an optimal schedule or life-years benefit.\n\nHabit topics: Keep a steadier sleep rhythm\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"sleep-regularity","kind":"journal","title":"Sleep regularity is a stronger predictor of mortality risk than sleep duration: a prospective cohort study","description":"More regular sleep-wake timing was associated with lower mortality. Regularity predicted all-cause mortality more strongly than duration in the study's models.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Windred DP et al. · Sleep · 2024 · DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad253"],["Study design","Device-measured prospective cohort"],["Population","60,977 UK Biobank participants; mean age 62.8; mean follow-up 6.3 years."],["Measured outcome","Mortality association with sleep regularity"],["Finding","More regular sleep-wake timing was associated with lower mortality. Regularity predicted all-cause mortality more strongly than duration in the study's models."],["Limitations","Prediction within a cohort is not proof that changing bedtime prolongs an individual's life. Selection, confounding and a short device-measurement period matter. No life-years estimate."],["Habit topics","Keep a steadier sleep rhythm"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Windred DP et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsad253"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/37738616"}],"related":["journal/sleep-duration"],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/sleep-regularity","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/sleep-regularity","text":"Citation: Windred DP et al. · Sleep · 2024 · DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsad253\n\nStudy design: Device-measured prospective cohort\n\nPopulation: 60,977 UK Biobank participants; mean age 62.8; mean follow-up 6.3 years.\n\nMeasured outcome: Mortality association with sleep regularity\n\nFinding: More regular sleep-wake timing was associated with lower mortality. Regularity predicted all-cause mortality more strongly than duration in the study's models.\n\nLimitations: Prediction within a cohort is not proof that changing bedtime prolongs an individual's life. Selection, confounding and a short device-measurement period matter. No life-years estimate.\n\nHabit topics: Keep a steadier sleep rhythm\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"social-relationships","kind":"journal","title":"Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review","description":"Stronger social relationships were associated with higher odds of survival (pooled OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.42–1.59).","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Holt-Lunstad J et al. · PLOS Medicine · 2010 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316"],["Study design","Meta-analysis of observational studies"],["Population","148 studies and 308,849 participants."],["Measured outcome","Survival association"],["Finding","Stronger social relationships were associated with higher odds of survival (pooled OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.42–1.59)."],["Limitations","An odds ratio is not a percentage-point benefit or extra years. Relationship measures and follow-up differ; this does not prove a particular number of weekly meetings changes lifespan."],["Habit topics","Make room for people"],["Interpretation","Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."]],"sources":[{"label":"Holt-Lunstad J et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/20668659"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/evidence#longevity","path":"/api/research/journal/social-relationships","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/social-relationships","text":"Citation: Holt-Lunstad J et al. · PLOS Medicine · 2010 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316\n\nStudy design: Meta-analysis of observational studies\n\nPopulation: 148 studies and 308,849 participants.\n\nMeasured outcome: Survival association\n\nFinding: Stronger social relationships were associated with higher odds of survival (pooled OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.42–1.59).\n\nLimitations: An odds ratio is not a percentage-point benefit or extra years. Relationship measures and follow-up differ; this does not prove a particular number of weekly meetings changes lifespan.\n\nHabit topics: Make room for people\n\nInterpretation: Research comparisons are not personal lifespan predictions. Years from different studies, habits, populations and outcomes cannot be added. Supporting studies do not validate the numeric estimate of another study."},{"id":"salt-substitute","kind":"journal","title":"Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death","description":"A reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute lowered stroke rates compared with regular salt in this higher-risk population.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Neal et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2021 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2105675"],["Study design","Randomised trial"],["Population","20,995 people in 600 villages; prior stroke or age ≥60 with high blood pressure."],["Geography","Rural China"],["Finding","A reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute lowered stroke rates compared with regular salt in this higher-risk population."],["Estimate","Stroke: 29.14 vs 33.65 events per 1,000 person-years; rate ratio 0.86 (95% CI 0.77–0.96). Mean follow-up: 4.74 years."],["Measured relationship","Salt substitute → stroke and cardiovascular events. The intervention changed both sodium and potassium, not sodium alone."],["Limitations","An open-label cluster trial in a selected population. Potassium-containing substitutes are not appropriate for everyone, especially with impaired potassium excretion; this is not personal treatment advice."]],"sources":[{"label":"Neal et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/34459569"}],"related":["pathway/P01","pathway/P02"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=salt-substitute#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/salt-substitute","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/salt-substitute","text":"Citation: Neal et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2021 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2105675\n\nStudy design: Randomised trial\n\nPopulation: 20,995 people in 600 villages; prior stroke or age ≥60 with high blood pressure.\n\nGeography: Rural China\n\nFinding: A reduced-sodium, potassium-enriched salt substitute lowered stroke rates compared with regular salt in this higher-risk population.\n\nEstimate: Stroke: 29.14 vs 33.65 events per 1,000 person-years; rate ratio 0.86 (95% CI 0.77–0.96). Mean follow-up: 4.74 years.\n\nMeasured relationship: Salt substitute → stroke and cardiovascular events. The intervention changed both sodium and potassium, not sodium alone.\n\nLimitations: An open-label cluster trial in a selected population. Potassium-containing substitutes are not appropriate for everyone, especially with impaired potassium excretion; this is not personal treatment advice."},{"id":"sugary-drinks","kind":"journal","title":"Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes","description":"Higher sugar-sweetened drink intake was associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence, including after adjustment for adiposity.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Imamura et al. · BMJ · 2015 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h3576"],["Study design","Evidence synthesis"],["Population","17 prospective cohorts; 38,253 diabetes cases over approximately 10.1 million person-years."],["Geography","Multiple cohort populations; not a representative regional comparison"],["Finding","Higher sugar-sweetened drink intake was associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence, including after adjustment for adiposity."],["Estimate","Per extra serving/day: 13% higher relative incidence after adiposity adjustment (95% CI 6–21%)."],["Measured relationship","Beverage intake → incident diabetes. Adjustment for adiposity does not prove either direct causation or a single causal mechanism."],["Limitations","Observational cohorts, substantial heterogeneity and possible residual confounding. Relative incidence is not an individual's absolute probability; artificial-sweetener results have different biases."]],"sources":[{"label":"Imamura et al.: original publication","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576"}],"related":["pathway/P03"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=sugary-drinks#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/sugary-drinks","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/sugary-drinks","text":"Citation: Imamura et al. · BMJ · 2015 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h3576\n\nStudy design: Evidence synthesis\n\nPopulation: 17 prospective cohorts; 38,253 diabetes cases over approximately 10.1 million person-years.\n\nGeography: Multiple cohort populations; not a representative regional comparison\n\nFinding: Higher sugar-sweetened drink intake was associated with higher type 2 diabetes incidence, including after adjustment for adiposity.\n\nEstimate: Per extra serving/day: 13% higher relative incidence after adiposity adjustment (95% CI 6–21%).\n\nMeasured relationship: Beverage intake → incident diabetes. Adjustment for adiposity does not prove either direct causation or a single causal mechanism.\n\nLimitations: Observational cohorts, substantial heterogeneity and possible residual confounding. Relative incidence is not an individual's absolute probability; artificial-sweetener results have different biases."},{"id":"fibre","kind":"journal","title":"Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","description":"Higher dietary fibre intake was associated with lower mortality and several noncommunicable diseases. Trials found improvements in bodyweight, systolic pressure and cholesterol.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Reynolds et al. · The Lancet · 2019 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"],["Study design","Evidence synthesis"],["Population","185 prospective studies and 58 clinical trials; 4,635 adults in the trials."],["Geography","Multiple populations; not an Oceania-specific effect estimate"],["Finding","Higher dietary fibre intake was associated with lower mortality and several noncommunicable diseases. Trials found improvements in bodyweight, systolic pressure and cholesterol."],["Estimate","Observational comparisons of highest vs lowest fibre intake suggested 15–30% lower relative risks across several outcomes—not one pooled risk or a promised benefit."],["Measured relationship","Cohorts measured disease events; trials measured risk markers. These are complementary, not interchangeable outcomes."],["Limitations","General-population evidence; people with chronic disease were excluded from the review's eligible studies. Diet measurement and confounding limit causal interpretation of event associations."]],"sources":[{"label":"Reynolds et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30638909"}],"related":["pathway/P18"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=fibre#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/fibre","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/fibre","text":"Citation: Reynolds et al. · The Lancet · 2019 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9\n\nStudy design: Evidence synthesis\n\nPopulation: 185 prospective studies and 58 clinical trials; 4,635 adults in the trials.\n\nGeography: Multiple populations; not an Oceania-specific effect estimate\n\nFinding: Higher dietary fibre intake was associated with lower mortality and several noncommunicable diseases. Trials found improvements in bodyweight, systolic pressure and cholesterol.\n\nEstimate: Observational comparisons of highest vs lowest fibre intake suggested 15–30% lower relative risks across several outcomes—not one pooled risk or a promised benefit.\n\nMeasured relationship: Cohorts measured disease events; trials measured risk markers. These are complementary, not interchangeable outcomes.\n\nLimitations: General-population evidence; people with chronic disease were excluded from the review's eligible studies. Diet measurement and confounding limit causal interpretation of event associations."},{"id":"air-mortality","kind":"journal","title":"Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population","description":"Long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure were associated with higher all-cause mortality, including in analyses below the standards evaluated at the time.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Di et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2017 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"],["Study design","Cohort study"],["Population","60,925,443 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+; follow-up during 2000–2012."],["Geography","Continental United States"],["Finding","Long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure were associated with higher all-cause mortality, including in analyses below the standards evaluated at the time."],["Estimate","Per 10 μg/m³ higher PM2.5: 7.3% higher all-cause mortality hazard (95% CI 7.1–7.5%) in the two-pollutant model."],["Measured relationship","Estimated outdoor exposure → all-cause mortality. This paper does not isolate the map's blood-pressure, respiratory or cardiac mechanism."],["Limitations","Observational, older US population; ZIP-code exposure is not personal dose. Residual confounding remains possible. Historic standards are not a claim about current safe thresholds."]],"sources":[{"label":"Di et al.: original publication","url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"}],"related":["pathway/P04","pathway/P05"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=air-mortality#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/air-mortality","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/air-mortality","text":"Citation: Di et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2017 · DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1702747\n\nStudy design: Cohort study\n\nPopulation: 60,925,443 Medicare beneficiaries aged 65+; follow-up during 2000–2012.\n\nGeography: Continental United States\n\nFinding: Long-term PM2.5 and ozone exposure were associated with higher all-cause mortality, including in analyses below the standards evaluated at the time.\n\nEstimate: Per 10 μg/m³ higher PM2.5: 7.3% higher all-cause mortality hazard (95% CI 7.1–7.5%) in the two-pollutant model.\n\nMeasured relationship: Estimated outdoor exposure → all-cause mortality. This paper does not isolate the map's blood-pressure, respiratory or cardiac mechanism.\n\nLimitations: Observational, older US population; ZIP-code exposure is not personal dose. Residual confounding remains possible. Historic standards are not a claim about current safe thresholds."},{"id":"pure-activity","kind":"journal","title":"The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130,000 people from 17 countries: the PURE study","description":"Higher recreational and non-recreational activity were associated with lower mortality and cardiovascular events across the included economic settings.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Lear et al. · The Lancet · 2017 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"],["Study design","Cohort study"],["Population","130,843 adults aged 35–70 without pre-existing cardiovascular disease; mean 6.9-year follow-up."],["Geography","17 countries across high-, middle- and low-income settings"],["Finding","Higher recreational and non-recreational activity were associated with lower mortality and cardiovascular events across the included economic settings."],["Estimate","Moderate vs low activity: all-cause mortality hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.74–0.87). Categories were based on self-reported MET-minutes/week."],["Measured relationship","Reported activity → mortality and cardiovascular events; does not prove fitness mediated all of the association."],["Limitations","Not randomised. Self-report, reverse causation and residual confounding matter. Selected communities do not represent every resident of a country or region."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28943267"}],"related":["pathway/P08","pathway/P09","pathway/P10"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=pure-activity#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/pure-activity","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/pure-activity","text":"Citation: Lear et al. · The Lancet · 2017 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3\n\nStudy design: Cohort study\n\nPopulation: 130,843 adults aged 35–70 without pre-existing cardiovascular disease; mean 6.9-year follow-up.\n\nGeography: 17 countries across high-, middle- and low-income settings\n\nFinding: Higher recreational and non-recreational activity were associated with lower mortality and cardiovascular events across the included economic settings.\n\nEstimate: Moderate vs low activity: all-cause mortality hazard ratio 0.80 (95% CI 0.74–0.87). Categories were based on self-reported MET-minutes/week.\n\nMeasured relationship: Reported activity → mortality and cardiovascular events; does not prove fitness mediated all of the association.\n\nLimitations: Not randomised. Self-report, reverse causation and residual confounding matter. Selected communities do not represent every resident of a country or region."},{"id":"exercise-depression","kind":"journal","title":"Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","description":"Walking or jogging, yoga and strength training reduced depressive symptoms compared with active controls in the included trials.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Noetel et al. · BMJ · 2024 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075847"],["Study design","Evidence synthesis"],["Population","218 unique studies; 14,170 participants meeting clinical cut-offs for major depression."],["Geography","International trial literature"],["Finding","Walking or jogging, yoga and strength training reduced depressive symptoms compared with active controls in the included trials."],["Estimate","Walking/jogging vs active controls: Hedges' g −0.62 (95% credible interval −0.80 to −0.45); a standardised symptom effect, not a risk percentage."],["Measured relationship","Exercise intervention → depressive symptoms. This is treatment evidence, not proof of preventing depression or mediation through sleep."],["Limitations","Only one study met low-risk-of-bias criteria. Confidence was low for walking/jogging and very low for other treatments; blinding and expectancy effects are difficult."]],"sources":[{"label":"Noetel et al.: original publication","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-075847"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-075847"}],"related":["pathway/P11"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=exercise-depression#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/exercise-depression","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/exercise-depression","text":"Citation: Noetel et al. · BMJ · 2024 · DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2023-075847\n\nStudy design: Evidence synthesis\n\nPopulation: 218 unique studies; 14,170 participants meeting clinical cut-offs for major depression.\n\nGeography: International trial literature\n\nFinding: Walking or jogging, yoga and strength training reduced depressive symptoms compared with active controls in the included trials.\n\nEstimate: Walking/jogging vs active controls: Hedges' g −0.62 (95% credible interval −0.80 to −0.45); a standardised symptom effect, not a risk percentage.\n\nMeasured relationship: Exercise intervention → depressive symptoms. This is treatment evidence, not proof of preventing depression or mediation through sleep.\n\nLimitations: Only one study met low-risk-of-bias criteria. Confidence was low for walking/jogging and very low for other treatments; blinding and expectancy effects are difficult."},{"id":"job-strain","kind":"journal","title":"Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data","description":"High demands combined with low job control were associated with incident coronary heart disease.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Kivimäki et al. · The Lancet · 2012 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5"],["Study design","Evidence synthesis"],["Population","197,473 employed adults without coronary disease at baseline, from 13 cohorts."],["Geography","Europe"],["Finding","High demands combined with low job control were associated with incident coronary heart disease."],["Estimate","Job strain vs no job strain: age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio 1.23 (95% CI 1.10–1.37); mean follow-up 7.5 years."],["Measured relationship","Job strain → coronary events. The study does not establish blood pressure as the mediator or extend to every form of stress."],["Limitations","Observational; publication and reverse-causation biases were examined but not eliminated. Employed European adults are not representative of all work or social settings."]],"sources":[{"label":"Kivimäki et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/22981903"}],"related":["pathway/P17"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=job-strain#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/job-strain","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/job-strain","text":"Citation: Kivimäki et al. · The Lancet · 2012 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5\n\nStudy design: Evidence synthesis\n\nPopulation: 197,473 employed adults without coronary disease at baseline, from 13 cohorts.\n\nGeography: Europe\n\nFinding: High demands combined with low job control were associated with incident coronary heart disease.\n\nEstimate: Job strain vs no job strain: age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio 1.23 (95% CI 1.10–1.37); mean follow-up 7.5 years.\n\nMeasured relationship: Job strain → coronary events. The study does not establish blood pressure as the mediator or extend to every form of stress.\n\nLimitations: Observational; publication and reverse-causation biases were examined but not eliminated. Employed European adults are not representative of all work or social settings."},{"id":"urban-movement","kind":"journal","title":"Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study","description":"Residential density, street intersections, public transport density and parks were positively associated with measured physical activity.","updated":"2026-10-06","sections":[["Citation","Sallis et al. · The Lancet · 2016 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"],["Study design","Cross-sectional"],["Population","6,822 adults aged 18–66 in 14 cities across 10 countries; 4–7 days of accelerometer monitoring."],["Geography","Urban samples on five continents"],["Finding","Residential density, street intersections, public transport density and parks were positively associated with measured physical activity."],["Estimate","Most vs least activity-friendly neighbourhoods differed by 68–89 minutes/week of activity across the reported comparisons."],["Measured relationship","Neighbourhood attributes ↔ measured movement. This study did not measure subsequent disease reduction."],["Limitations","Cross-sectional: neighbourhood self-selection and unmeasured factors limit causality. Cities are not whole regions; rural settings need separate evidence."]],"sources":[{"label":"Sallis et al.: original publication","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"},{"label":"Verified publication record","url":"https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27045735"}],"related":["pathway/P19"],"appPath":"/evidence?study=urban-movement#journals","path":"/api/research/journal/urban-movement","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/journal/urban-movement","text":"Citation: Sallis et al. · The Lancet · 2016 · DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2\n\nStudy design: Cross-sectional\n\nPopulation: 6,822 adults aged 18–66 in 14 cities across 10 countries; 4–7 days of accelerometer monitoring.\n\nGeography: Urban samples on five continents\n\nFinding: Residential density, street intersections, public transport density and parks were positively associated with measured physical activity.\n\nEstimate: Most vs least activity-friendly neighbourhoods differed by 68–89 minutes/week of activity across the reported comparisons.\n\nMeasured relationship: Neighbourhood attributes ↔ measured movement. This study did not measure subsequent disease reduction.\n\nLimitations: Cross-sectional: neighbourhood self-selection and unmeasured factors limit causality. Cities are not whole regions; rural settings need separate evidence."},{"id":"P01","kind":"pathway","title":"Sodium, blood pressure and stroke","description":"Lowering sodium intake lowers blood pressure in trials; raised blood pressure is a major, well-characterised risk factor for stroke.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","High-sodium diet → Raised blood pressure → Stroke → Long-term disability"],["Relationship","Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Randomised trials; low uncertainty."],["Summary","Lowering sodium intake lowers blood pressure in trials; raised blood pressure is a major, well-characterised risk factor for stroke."],["Limitations","Individual salt sensitivity varies widely. Habitual intake is hard to measure from diet recall; potassium intake and overall diet also matter."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; East Asia; Europe; North America; Latin America & Caribbean"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Salt reduction","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Hypertension","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension"},{"label":"Neal et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2021) — Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675"}],"related":["journal/salt-substitute"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P01","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P01","text":"Illustrative pathway: High-sodium diet → Raised blood pressure → Stroke → Long-term disability\n\nRelationship: Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Randomised trials; low uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Lowering sodium intake lowers blood pressure in trials; raised blood pressure is a major, well-characterised risk factor for stroke.\n\nLimitations: Individual salt sensitivity varies widely. Habitual intake is hard to measure from diet recall; potassium intake and overall diet also matter.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; East Asia; Europe; North America; Latin America & Caribbean"},{"id":"P02","kind":"pathway","title":"Sodium, blood pressure and heart disease","description":"Blood pressure links sodium to cardiovascular disease. A rural Chinese salt-substitution trial reduced cardiovascular events, but changed potassium as well as sodium.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","High-sodium diet → Raised blood pressure → Heart disease → Kidney disease"],["Relationship","Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Blood pressure links sodium to cardiovascular disease. A rural Chinese salt-substitution trial reduced cardiovascular events, but changed potassium as well as sodium."],["Limitations","Salt-substitute effects cannot isolate sodium alone or establish every downstream complication drawn here. Potassium-containing substitutes need individual safety assessment."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe; North America; Middle East & North Africa"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Salt reduction","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/salt-reduction"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"},{"label":"Neal et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2021) — Effect of Salt Substitution on Cardiovascular Events and Death","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675"}],"related":["journal/salt-substitute"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P02","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P02","text":"Illustrative pathway: High-sodium diet → Raised blood pressure → Heart disease → Kidney disease\n\nRelationship: Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Blood pressure links sodium to cardiovascular disease. A rural Chinese salt-substitution trial reduced cardiovascular events, but changed potassium as well as sodium.\n\nLimitations: Salt-substitute effects cannot isolate sodium alone or establish every downstream complication drawn here. Potassium-containing substitutes need individual safety assessment.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe; North America; Middle East & North Africa"},{"id":"P03","kind":"pathway","title":"Sugary drinks, adiposity and type 2 diabetes","description":"Higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake is associated with weight gain and higher type 2 diabetes incidence in cohort studies.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Sugary drinks → Excess adiposity → Type 2 diabetes → Nerve & eye damage"],["Relationship","Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake is associated with weight gain and higher type 2 diabetes incidence in cohort studies."],["Limitations","Drink habits cluster with income, marketing exposure and other dietary choices; residual confounding is likely."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Healthy diet","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Diabetes","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Obesity and overweight","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight"},{"label":"Imamura et al. · BMJ (2015) — Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576"}],"related":["journal/sugary-drinks"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P03","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P03","text":"Illustrative pathway: Sugary drinks → Excess adiposity → Type 2 diabetes → Nerve & eye damage\n\nRelationship: Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake is associated with weight gain and higher type 2 diabetes incidence in cohort studies.\n\nLimitations: Drink habits cluster with income, marketing exposure and other dietary choices; residual confounding is likely.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"},{"id":"P04","kind":"pathway","title":"Outdoor fine particles and airway inflammation","description":"Fine particulate matter irritates and inflames airways and is linked to chronic respiratory disease and acute worsening episodes.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Outdoor PM2.5 → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease → Acute exacerbations"],["Relationship","Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; low uncertainty."],["Summary","Fine particulate matter irritates and inflames airways and is linked to chronic respiratory disease and acute worsening episodes."],["Limitations","Personal exposure differs from monitor readings; indoor time, commuting and occupation shift real dose substantially."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; South Asia; East Asia; Middle East & North Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Ambient air quality and health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — COPD","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)"},{"label":"Di et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2017) — Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population","url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"}],"related":["journal/air-mortality"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P04","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P04","text":"Illustrative pathway: Outdoor PM2.5 → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease → Acute exacerbations\n\nRelationship: Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; low uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Fine particulate matter irritates and inflames airways and is linked to chronic respiratory disease and acute worsening episodes.\n\nLimitations: Personal exposure differs from monitor readings; indoor time, commuting and occupation shift real dose substantially.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; South Asia; East Asia; Middle East & North Africa; Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"P05","kind":"pathway","title":"Outdoor fine particles and cardiovascular events","description":"Long-term particle exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease; blood pressure and vascular inflammation are proposed intermediates.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Outdoor PM2.5 → Raised blood pressure → Heart disease"],["Relationship","Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Long-term particle exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease; blood pressure and vascular inflammation are proposed intermediates."],["Limitations","Mechanisms remain partly characterised; traffic noise and neighbourhood deprivation co-locate with pollution."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; East Asia; South Asia; Europe"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Ambient air quality and health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"},{"label":"Di et al. · New England Journal of Medicine (2017) — Air Pollution and Mortality in the Medicare Population","url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"}],"related":["journal/air-mortality"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P05","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P05","text":"Illustrative pathway: Outdoor PM2.5 → Raised blood pressure → Heart disease\n\nRelationship: Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Long-term particle exposure is associated with cardiovascular disease; blood pressure and vascular inflammation are proposed intermediates.\n\nLimitations: Mechanisms remain partly characterised; traffic noise and neighbourhood deprivation co-locate with pollution.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; East Asia; South Asia; Europe"},{"id":"P06","kind":"pathway","title":"Household smoke and respiratory disease","description":"Cooking and heating with polluting fuels in poorly ventilated homes is linked to chronic respiratory disease, especially among women and children.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Household smoke → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease → Long-term disability"],["Relationship","Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; low uncertainty."],["Summary","Cooking and heating with polluting fuels in poorly ventilated homes is linked to chronic respiratory disease, especially among women and children."],["Limitations","Fuel use tracks poverty and housing quality; stove-intervention trials show smaller effects than observational contrasts."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; South Asia; Latin America & Caribbean"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Household air pollution and health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/household-air-pollution-and-health"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — COPD","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P06","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P06","text":"Illustrative pathway: Household smoke → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease → Long-term disability\n\nRelationship: Established causal link: Multiple lines of evidence, including experimental, converge.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; low uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Cooking and heating with polluting fuels in poorly ventilated homes is linked to chronic respiratory disease, especially among women and children.\n\nLimitations: Fuel use tracks poverty and housing quality; stove-intervention trials show smaller effects than observational contrasts.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Sub-Saharan Africa; South Asia; Latin America & Caribbean"},{"id":"P07","kind":"pathway","title":"Air pollution and asthma flare-ups","description":"Short-term pollution peaks coincide with more asthma symptoms and visits in time-series studies.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Outdoor PM2.5 → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cross-sectional / ecological; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Short-term pollution peaks coincide with more asthma symptoms and visits in time-series studies."],["Limitations","Ecological designs cannot attribute events to individuals; weather, pollen and viral seasons confound."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe; North America; Australia, NZ & Pacific"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Asthma","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Ambient air quality and health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-(outdoor)-air-quality-and-health"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P07","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P07","text":"Illustrative pathway: Outdoor PM2.5 → Airway inflammation → Chronic respiratory disease\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cross-sectional / ecological; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Short-term pollution peaks coincide with more asthma symptoms and visits in time-series studies.\n\nLimitations: Ecological designs cannot attribute events to individuals; weather, pollen and viral seasons confound.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe; North America; Australia, NZ & Pacific"},{"id":"P08","kind":"pathway","title":"Inactivity, metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes","description":"Low physical activity is associated with insulin resistance and higher type 2 diabetes risk; activity interventions improve glucose control.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Physical inactivity → Metabolic dysfunction → Type 2 diabetes → Nerve & eye damage"],["Relationship","Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Low physical activity is associated with insulin resistance and higher type 2 diabetes risk; activity interventions improve glucose control."],["Limitations","Self-reported activity is imprecise; genetics, diet and pre-existing illness (reverse causation) confound associations."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; North America; Middle East & North Africa; East Asia; Europe"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Physical activity","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Diabetes","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes"},{"label":"Lear et al. · The Lancet (2017) — The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130,000 people from 17 countries: the PURE study","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P08","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P08","text":"Illustrative pathway: Physical inactivity → Metabolic dysfunction → Type 2 diabetes → Nerve & eye damage\n\nRelationship: Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Low physical activity is associated with insulin resistance and higher type 2 diabetes risk; activity interventions improve glucose control.\n\nLimitations: Self-reported activity is imprecise; genetics, diet and pre-existing illness (reverse causation) confound associations.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; North America; Middle East & North Africa; East Asia; Europe"},{"id":"P09","kind":"pathway","title":"Inactivity, adiposity and heart disease","description":"Sedentary lifestyles are associated with weight gain and cardiovascular disease, partly via adiposity.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Physical inactivity → Excess adiposity → Heart disease"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Sedentary lifestyles are associated with weight gain and cardiovascular disease, partly via adiposity."],["Limitations","Adiposity is both a mediator and a confounder; body-size measures are crude proxies of metabolic health."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; North America; Australia, NZ & Pacific; Latin America & Caribbean"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Physical activity","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Obesity and overweight","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"},{"label":"Lear et al. · The Lancet (2017) — The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130,000 people from 17 countries: the PURE study","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P09","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P09","text":"Illustrative pathway: Physical inactivity → Excess adiposity → Heart disease\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Sedentary lifestyles are associated with weight gain and cardiovascular disease, partly via adiposity.\n\nLimitations: Adiposity is both a mediator and a confounder; body-size measures are crude proxies of metabolic health.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; North America; Australia, NZ & Pacific; Latin America & Caribbean"},{"id":"P10","kind":"pathway","title":"Regular activity and better cardiometabolic fitness","description":"Regular moderate activity is consistently associated with lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and depression. This is a protective direction, not a disease pathway.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Regular activity → Better cardiometabolic fitness → Lower chronic disease risk"],["Relationship","Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Guideline consensus; low uncertainty."],["Summary","Regular moderate activity is consistently associated with lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and depression. This is a protective direction, not a disease pathway."],["Limitations","Healthier people can be more active (reverse causation); benefits vary by baseline fitness and access to safe spaces."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe; East Asia; Southeast Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Latin America & Caribbean; Australia, NZ & Pacific"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (2020)","url":"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Physical activity","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity"},{"label":"Lear et al. · The Lancet (2017) — The effect of physical activity on mortality and cardiovascular disease in 130,000 people from 17 countries: the PURE study","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P10","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P10","text":"Illustrative pathway: Regular activity → Better cardiometabolic fitness → Lower chronic disease risk\n\nRelationship: Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Guideline consensus; low uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Regular moderate activity is consistently associated with lower risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes and depression. This is a protective direction, not a disease pathway.\n\nLimitations: Healthier people can be more active (reverse causation); benefits vary by baseline fitness and access to safe spaces.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe; East Asia; Southeast Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Latin America & Caribbean; Australia, NZ & Pacific"},{"id":"P11","kind":"pathway","title":"Exercise and depressive symptoms","description":"A network meta-analysis of randomised trials found reductions in depressive symptoms with several forms of exercise. This is a treatment direction, not proof of preventing depression.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Regular activity → Fewer depressive symptoms"],["Relationship","Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; high uncertainty."],["Summary","A network meta-analysis of randomised trials found reductions in depressive symptoms with several forms of exercise. This is a treatment direction, not proof of preventing depression."],["Limitations","Confidence was low or very low for the treatments examined. Blinding and expectancy effects are difficult. Sleep mediation and effects on anxiety are not established by this paper."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe; North America"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour (2020)","url":"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240015128"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Depressive disorder","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression"},{"label":"Noetel et al. · BMJ (2024) — Effect of exercise for depression: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-075847"}],"related":["journal/exercise-depression"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P11","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P11","text":"Illustrative pathway: Regular activity → Fewer depressive symptoms\n\nRelationship: Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: A network meta-analysis of randomised trials found reductions in depressive symptoms with several forms of exercise. This is a treatment direction, not proof of preventing depression.\n\nLimitations: Confidence was low or very low for the treatments examined. Blinding and expectancy effects are difficult. Sleep mediation and effects on anxiety are not established by this paper.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe; North America"},{"id":"P12","kind":"pathway","title":"Repetitive loading, overuse and tendinopathy","description":"Rapid increases in repetitive load without recovery are linked to tendon overuse injury. This concerns training load, not exercise as such.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Repetitive loading → Tissue overuse → Tendinopathy → Persistent pain"],["Relationship","Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Mechanistic & experimental; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Rapid increases in repetitive load without recovery are linked to tendon overuse injury. This concerns training load, not exercise as such."],["Limitations","Load–injury models are debated; biomechanics, footwear, age and prior injury interact. Gradual loading is also part of tendon treatment."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe; North America; East Asia"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Musculoskeletal health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P12","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P12","text":"Illustrative pathway: Repetitive loading → Tissue overuse → Tendinopathy → Persistent pain\n\nRelationship: Probable link: Consistent evidence with plausible mechanism; some gaps remain.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Mechanistic & experimental; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Rapid increases in repetitive load without recovery are linked to tendon overuse injury. This concerns training load, not exercise as such.\n\nLimitations: Load–injury models are debated; biomechanics, footwear, age and prior injury interact. Gradual loading is also part of tendon treatment.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe; North America; East Asia"},{"id":"P13","kind":"pathway","title":"Occupational repetitive strain","description":"Repetitive manual work is associated with musculoskeletal pain in cross-sectional surveys.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Repetitive loading → Tissue overuse → Persistent pain"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cross-sectional / ecological; high uncertainty."],["Summary","Repetitive manual work is associated with musculoskeletal pain in cross-sectional surveys."],["Limitations","Pain reporting is shaped by job security, compensation systems and culture; designs cannot fix temporal order."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; South Asia; Latin America & Caribbean; East Asia"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Musculoskeletal health","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/musculoskeletal-conditions"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P13","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P13","text":"Illustrative pathway: Repetitive loading → Tissue overuse → Persistent pain\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cross-sectional / ecological; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Repetitive manual work is associated with musculoskeletal pain in cross-sectional surveys.\n\nLimitations: Pain reporting is shaped by job security, compensation systems and culture; designs cannot fix temporal order.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; South Asia; Latin America & Caribbean; East Asia"},{"id":"P14","kind":"pathway","title":"Chronic stress and sleep disruption","description":"Persistent stress is associated with poorer sleep, and poor sleep with depression and anxiety. Direction runs both ways.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Chronic stress → Sleep disruption → Depression & anxiety"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; high uncertainty."],["Summary","Persistent stress is associated with poorer sleep, and poor sleep with depression and anxiety. Direction runs both ways."],["Limitations","Bidirectional relationships: low mood disrupts sleep and raises perceived stress. Stress measures differ across languages and settings."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; East Asia; North America; Europe; Middle East & North Africa"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Mental disorders","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders"},{"label":"WHO — Mental health at work","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Depressive disorder","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P14","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P14","text":"Illustrative pathway: Chronic stress → Sleep disruption → Depression & anxiety\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Persistent stress is associated with poorer sleep, and poor sleep with depression and anxiety. Direction runs both ways.\n\nLimitations: Bidirectional relationships: low mood disrupts sleep and raises perceived stress. Stress measures differ across languages and settings.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; East Asia; North America; Europe; Middle East & North Africa"},{"id":"P15","kind":"pathway","title":"Chronic stress and blood pressure","description":"Stress produces short blood pressure rises; whether chronic stress causes lasting hypertension and stroke independent of behaviour is contested.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Chronic stress → Raised blood pressure → Stroke"],["Relationship","Contested: Evidence conflicts; treat as a hypothesis."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cohort studies; high uncertainty."],["Summary","Stress produces short blood pressure rises; whether chronic stress causes lasting hypertension and stroke independent of behaviour is contested."],["Limitations","Stress clusters with smoking, alcohol, diet and poverty; separating psychological effects from behaviours is difficult."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Hypertension","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Mental disorders","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P15","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P15","text":"Illustrative pathway: Chronic stress → Raised blood pressure → Stroke\n\nRelationship: Contested: Evidence conflicts; treat as a hypothesis.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cohort studies; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Stress produces short blood pressure rises; whether chronic stress causes lasting hypertension and stroke independent of behaviour is contested.\n\nLimitations: Stress clusters with smoking, alcohol, diet and poverty; separating psychological effects from behaviours is difficult.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; South Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa"},{"id":"P16","kind":"pathway","title":"Stress, metabolism and type 2 diabetes","description":"Stress hormones affect glucose regulation in lab settings; population links with diabetes are inconsistent.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Chronic stress → Metabolic dysfunction → Type 2 diabetes"],["Relationship","Contested: Evidence conflicts; treat as a hypothesis."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Mechanistic & experimental; high uncertainty."],["Summary","Stress hormones affect glucose regulation in lab settings; population links with diabetes are inconsistent."],["Limitations","Mechanistic plausibility does not establish population-level effect size; findings vary by study design."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; North America; Latin America & Caribbean"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Diabetes","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes"},{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Mental disorders","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P16","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P16","text":"Illustrative pathway: Chronic stress → Metabolic dysfunction → Type 2 diabetes\n\nRelationship: Contested: Evidence conflicts; treat as a hypothesis.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Mechanistic & experimental; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Stress hormones affect glucose regulation in lab settings; population links with diabetes are inconsistent.\n\nLimitations: Mechanistic plausibility does not establish population-level effect size; findings vary by study design.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; North America; Latin America & Caribbean"},{"id":"P17","kind":"pathway","title":"Job strain and coronary heart disease","description":"A synthesis of 13 European cohorts associated high demands and low job control with incident coronary events. No intermediate mechanism is assumed in this direct link.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","High demands / low job control → Heart disease"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","A synthesis of 13 European cohorts associated high demands and low job control with incident coronary events. No intermediate mechanism is assumed in this direct link."],["Limitations","Employed European cohorts do not represent all forms of work or stress. Residual confounding and selection remain; this is not proof of causation."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; Europe"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO — Mental health at work","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health-at-work"},{"label":"Kivimäki et al. · The Lancet (2012) — Job strain as a risk factor for coronary heart disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5"}],"related":["journal/job-strain"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P17","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P17","text":"Illustrative pathway: High demands / low job control → Heart disease\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: A synthesis of 13 European cohorts associated high demands and low job control with incident coronary events. No intermediate mechanism is assumed in this direct link.\n\nLimitations: Employed European cohorts do not represent all forms of work or stress. Residual confounding and selection remain; this is not proof of causation.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; Europe"},{"id":"P18","kind":"pathway","title":"Dietary fibre, risk markers and chronic disease","description":"Higher-fibre diets improved several cardiometabolic markers in trials and were associated with lower cardiovascular disease and diabetes in cohorts.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Higher dietary fibre → Improved cardiometabolic markers → Lower chronic disease risk"],["Relationship","Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty."],["Summary","Higher-fibre diets improved several cardiometabolic markers in trials and were associated with lower cardiovascular disease and diabetes in cohorts."],["Limitations","The trials and cohorts measured different outcomes; the full chain is an editorial synthesis, not an experimentally validated mediation model. Not a universal individual prescription."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; East Asia; Southeast Asia; South Asia; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Europe; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO fact sheet — Healthy diet","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet"},{"label":"Reynolds et al. · The Lancet (2019) — Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"}],"related":["journal/fibre"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P18","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P18","text":"Illustrative pathway: Higher dietary fibre → Improved cardiometabolic markers → Lower chronic disease risk\n\nRelationship: Protective direction: Linked to lower risk, not to disease.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Systematic reviews & meta-analyses; moderate uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Higher-fibre diets improved several cardiometabolic markers in trials and were associated with lower cardiovascular disease and diabetes in cohorts.\n\nLimitations: The trials and cohorts measured different outcomes; the full chain is an editorial synthesis, not an experimentally validated mediation model. Not a universal individual prescription.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; East Asia; Southeast Asia; South Asia; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Europe; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"},{"id":"P19","kind":"pathway","title":"Neighbourhood design and everyday movement","description":"Across 14 cities, selected features of activity-friendly neighbourhoods were associated with more accelerometer-measured activity. The map stops at movement because disease events were not measured.","updated":null,"sections":[["Illustrative pathway","Activity-friendly neighbourhood → More measured movement"],["Relationship","Association: Observed together; causation not established."],["Evidence and uncertainty","Cross-sectional / ecological; high uncertainty."],["Summary","Across 14 cities, selected features of activity-friendly neighbourhoods were associated with more accelerometer-measured activity. The map stops at movement because disease events were not measured."],["Limitations","Cross-sectional associations cannot establish that neighbourhood changes caused activity. Self-selection and socioeconomic context matter; region tags indicate discussion relevance, not local effect estimates."],["Data status","Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow."],["Regional browsing relevance","Global; East Asia; Southeast Asia; South Asia; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Europe; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"]],"sources":[{"label":"Sallis et al. · The Lancet (2016) — Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/explorer#pathway-index","path":"/api/research/pathway/P19","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/pathway/P19","text":"Illustrative pathway: Activity-friendly neighbourhood → More measured movement\n\nRelationship: Association: Observed together; causation not established.\n\nEvidence and uncertainty: Cross-sectional / ecological; high uncertainty.\n\nSummary: Across 14 cities, selected features of activity-friendly neighbourhoods were associated with more accelerometer-measured activity. The map stops at movement because disease events were not measured.\n\nLimitations: Cross-sectional associations cannot establish that neighbourhood changes caused activity. Self-selection and socioeconomic context matter; region tags indicate discussion relevance, not local effect estimates.\n\nData status: Synthetic illustration only. Map widths are not patient counts, prevalence, study effect sizes or personal risks. A paper does not validate every arrow.\n\nRegional browsing relevance: Global; East Asia; Southeast Asia; South Asia; Central Asia; Sub-Saharan Africa; Europe; Latin America & Caribbean; North America; Middle East & North Africa; Australia, NZ & Pacific"},{"id":"southeast-asia","kind":"region","title":"Southeast Asia: Everyday movement across diverse settings","description":"This lens includes Indonesia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Urban, rural and island settings need their own evidence.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","This lens includes Indonesia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Urban, rural and island settings need their own evidence."],["Applicability","PURE included communities in Malaysia. Its pooled activity findings offer some direct regional participation, but are not Malaysia-specific estimates or evidence sampled in all Southeast Asian countries. Fibre and neighbourhood studies add cross-population context."],["Evidence gaps","This collection does not yet provide an Indonesia-specific or Southeast Asia-wide effect estimate. Do not substitute findings from China or South Asia for local evidence."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Reynolds et al. (2019)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity","journal/fibre","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/southeast-asia","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/southeast-asia","text":"Context: This lens includes Indonesia, Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam. Urban, rural and island settings need their own evidence.\n\nApplicability: PURE included communities in Malaysia. Its pooled activity findings offer some direct regional participation, but are not Malaysia-specific estimates or evidence sampled in all Southeast Asian countries. Fibre and neighbourhood studies add cross-population context.\n\nEvidence gaps: This collection does not yet provide an Indonesia-specific or Southeast Asia-wide effect estimate. Do not substitute findings from China or South Asia for local evidence.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"central-asia","kind":"region","title":"Central Asia: Include the region, disclose the evidence gap","description":"Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are included as a distinct browsing region rather than being left between Europe and East or South Asia.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are included as a distinct browsing region rather than being left between Europe and East or South Asia."],["Applicability","The fibre and neighbourhood studies offer broader research context only. The current curation does not identify a Central Asian sample for these displayed findings."],["Evidence gaps","Local population studies, exposure data and health-system context are needed before making country-specific claims. A selectable region is not proof of complete research coverage."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Reynolds et al. (2019)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/fibre","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/central-asia","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/central-asia","text":"Context: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are included as a distinct browsing region rather than being left between Europe and East or South Asia.\n\nApplicability: The fibre and neighbourhood studies offer broader research context only. The current curation does not identify a Central Asian sample for these displayed findings.\n\nEvidence gaps: Local population studies, exposure data and health-system context are needed before making country-specific claims. A selectable region is not proof of complete research coverage.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"global","kind":"region","title":"Global: Compare settings, not stereotypes","description":"Activity, diet, air quality and work conditions interact. Multi-country evidence widens the view beyond one health system.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Activity, diet, air quality and work conditions interact. Multi-country evidence widens the view beyond one health system."],["Applicability","PURE recruited selected communities in 17 countries; IPEN sampled 14 cities. Neither is a census of the world."],["Evidence gaps","No study here supports ranking entire regions by a single pathway or assigning an individual risk from their location."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"},{"label":"Reynolds et al. (2019)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity","journal/urban-movement","journal/fibre"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/global","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/global","text":"Context: Activity, diet, air quality and work conditions interact. Multi-country evidence widens the view beyond one health system.\n\nApplicability: PURE recruited selected communities in 17 countries; IPEN sampled 14 cities. Neither is a census of the world.\n\nEvidence gaps: No study here supports ranking entire regions by a single pathway or assigning an individual risk from their location.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"east-asia","kind":"region","title":"East Asia: Sodium and the food environment","description":"The salt-substitute trial provides a specific intervention example from rural China, rather than a claim about an entire regional diet.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","The salt-substitute trial provides a specific intervention example from rural China, rather than a claim about an entire regional diet."],["Applicability","Local study: 600 Chinese villages with older or higher-risk participants. PURE also included China."],["Evidence gaps","Results do not automatically apply to all ages, urban populations, or every East Asian country. Salt substitution changed potassium as well as sodium."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Neal et al. (2021)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2105675"},{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/salt-substitute","journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/east-asia","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/east-asia","text":"Context: The salt-substitute trial provides a specific intervention example from rural China, rather than a claim about an entire regional diet.\n\nApplicability: Local study: 600 Chinese villages with older or higher-risk participants. PURE also included China.\n\nEvidence gaps: Results do not automatically apply to all ages, urban populations, or every East Asian country. Salt substitution changed potassium as well as sodium.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"south-asia","kind":"region","title":"South Asia: Movement within everyday routines","description":"Transport, paid work, household activity and recreation all contribute to activity; safe space, heat and working conditions affect what is feasible.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Transport, paid work, household activity and recreation all contribute to activity; safe space, heat and working conditions affect what is feasible."],["Applicability","PURE included Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The displayed estimate pools the study, not just these countries."],["Evidence gaps","No South Asia-wide effect or prevalence is calculated. Self-reported activity cannot resolve the circumstances of every job or commute."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/south-asia","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/south-asia","text":"Context: Transport, paid work, household activity and recreation all contribute to activity; safe space, heat and working conditions affect what is feasible.\n\nApplicability: PURE included Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The displayed estimate pools the study, not just these countries.\n\nEvidence gaps: No South Asia-wide effect or prevalence is calculated. Self-reported activity cannot resolve the circumstances of every job or commute.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"sub-saharan-africa","kind":"region","title":"Sub-Saharan Africa: Access changes exposure","description":"Fuel access, housing and safe mobility are practical health contexts, not inherent cultural traits. Activity evidence should be read alongside these conditions.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Fuel access, housing and safe mobility are practical health contexts, not inherent cultural traits. Activity evidence should be read alongside these conditions."],["Applicability","PURE included South Africa and Zimbabwe; its pooled activity finding is relevant context, not an estimate for the whole region."],["Evidence gaps","The journal set does not yet include a local household-fuel intervention study. Use the existing WHO household-air source for that separate pathway."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/sub-saharan-africa","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/sub-saharan-africa","text":"Context: Fuel access, housing and safe mobility are practical health contexts, not inherent cultural traits. Activity evidence should be read alongside these conditions.\n\nApplicability: PURE included South Africa and Zimbabwe; its pooled activity finding is relevant context, not an estimate for the whole region.\n\nEvidence gaps: The journal set does not yet include a local household-fuel intervention study. Use the existing WHO household-air source for that separate pathway.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"europe","kind":"region","title":"Europe: Work design and heart health","description":"Job demands and decision-making control offer a more precise research question than treating all stress as one exposure.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Job demands and decision-making control offer a more precise research question than treating all stress as one exposure."],["Applicability","The job-strain synthesis combined 13 European cohorts of employed adults. The association is with coronary events, not every stress-related condition."],["Evidence gaps","Employment selection, national working conditions and unmeasured behaviours limit transfer to informal work or unemployed populations."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Kivimäki et al. (2012)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60994-5"},{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"}],"related":["journal/job-strain","journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/europe","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/europe","text":"Context: Job demands and decision-making control offer a more precise research question than treating all stress as one exposure.\n\nApplicability: The job-strain synthesis combined 13 European cohorts of employed adults. The association is with coronary events, not every stress-related condition.\n\nEvidence gaps: Employment selection, national working conditions and unmeasured behaviours limit transfer to informal work or unemployed populations.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"latin-america","kind":"region","title":"Latin America & Caribbean: Activity beyond exercise sessions","description":"A commute, a workday and recreation can all add movement. The built environment and time constraints shape those opportunities.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","A commute, a workday and recreation can all add movement. The built environment and time constraints shape those opportunities."],["Applicability","PURE included Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The sugary-drinks review adds broader dietary context, not a Latin America-specific estimate."],["Evidence gaps","Do not treat these countries as interchangeable or infer city-level beverage exposure from a pooled cohort review."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Imamura et al. (2015)","url":"https://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3576"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity","journal/sugary-drinks"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/latin-america","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/latin-america","text":"Context: A commute, a workday and recreation can all add movement. The built environment and time constraints shape those opportunities.\n\nApplicability: PURE included Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Colombia. The sugary-drinks review adds broader dietary context, not a Latin America-specific estimate.\n\nEvidence gaps: Do not treat these countries as interchangeable or infer city-level beverage exposure from a pooled cohort review.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"north-america","kind":"region","title":"North America: Air exposure and unequal conditions","description":"A place-based exposure estimate can reveal population patterns while still missing an individual's time indoors, work and travel.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","A place-based exposure estimate can reveal population patterns while still missing an individual's time indoors, work and travel."],["Applicability","The Medicare air-pollution cohort covered adults aged 65+ in the continental US. PURE also included Canada."],["Evidence gaps","The US cohort does not establish the same effect in younger people, Canada, Mexico or every local neighbourhood."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Di et al. (2017)","url":"https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1702747"},{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/air-mortality","journal/pure-activity","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/north-america","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/north-america","text":"Context: A place-based exposure estimate can reveal population patterns while still missing an individual's time indoors, work and travel.\n\nApplicability: The Medicare air-pollution cohort covered adults aged 65+ in the continental US. PURE also included Canada.\n\nEvidence gaps: The US cohort does not establish the same effect in younger people, Canada, Mexico or every local neighbourhood.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"mena","kind":"region","title":"Middle East & North Africa: Activity across economic settings","description":"Access to safe, comfortable movement depends on the built environment, work schedules and local conditions—not simply personal motivation.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","Access to safe, comfortable movement depends on the built environment, work schedules and local conditions—not simply personal motivation."],["Applicability","PURE included Iran and the United Arab Emirates, among other countries. Its pooled analysis is not a region-specific comparison."],["Evidence gaps","This collection does not quantify heat, dust or country-specific disease burdens. Those need dedicated exposure and outcome datasets."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Lear et al. (2017)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31634-3"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/pure-activity","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/mena","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/mena","text":"Context: Access to safe, comfortable movement depends on the built environment, work schedules and local conditions—not simply personal motivation.\n\nApplicability: PURE included Iran and the United Arab Emirates, among other countries. Its pooled analysis is not a region-specific comparison.\n\nEvidence gaps: This collection does not quantify heat, dust or country-specific disease burdens. Those need dedicated exposure and outcome datasets.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"oceania","kind":"region","title":"Australia, NZ & Pacific: Australia, New Zealand and the Pacific are not one population","description":"This lens explicitly includes Australia and New Zealand alongside Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Fibre and whole-grain evidence offers dietary context, while food access and living conditions differ within and between these settings.","updated":null,"sections":[["Context","This lens explicitly includes Australia and New Zealand alongside Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Fibre and whole-grain evidence offers dietary context, while food access and living conditions differ within and between these settings."],["Applicability","The fibre synthesis provides cross-population context, not an Australia-specific, New Zealand-specific or Pacific-wide effect estimate."],["Evidence gaps","Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Māori and Pacific peoples must not be treated as a single dataset. Urban, rural and island populations need locally relevant evidence; this collection does not quantify those differences."],["Scope","An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."]],"sources":[{"label":"Reynolds et al. (2019)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9"},{"label":"Sallis et al. (2016)","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01284-2"}],"related":["journal/fibre","journal/urban-movement"],"appPath":"/contexts#regional-research","path":"/api/research/region/oceania","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/region/oceania","text":"Context: This lens explicitly includes Australia and New Zealand alongside Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Fibre and whole-grain evidence offers dietary context, while food access and living conditions differ within and between these settings.\n\nApplicability: The fibre synthesis provides cross-population context, not an Australia-specific, New Zealand-specific or Pacific-wide effect estimate.\n\nEvidence gaps: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Māori and Pacific peoples must not be treated as a single dataset. Urban, rural and island populations need locally relevant evidence; this collection does not quantify those differences.\n\nScope: An editorial research lens, not a regional mortality ranking or an estimate of individual risk."},{"id":"heart","kind":"cause","title":"Ischaemic heart disease: risks, context and evidence","description":"Tobacco, high blood pressure and blood lipids, diabetes, inactivity, diet and air pollution; age and inherited factors also matter.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 1 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 9,469,357. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Tobacco, high blood pressure and blood lipids, diabetes, inactivity, diet and air pollution; age and inherited factors also matter."],["Signs that can occur","May be silent until an event. Chest discomfort, breathlessness or pain spreading to the arm or jaw can occur."],["What supports health","Smoke-free environments, activity, a balanced diet and clinical management of blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol support cardiovascular health."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Cardiovascular diseases (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"}],"related":["journal/salt-substitute","journal/fibre","journal/pure-activity","journal/job-strain"],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=heart","path":"/api/research/cause/heart","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/heart","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 1 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 9,469,357. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Tobacco, high blood pressure and blood lipids, diabetes, inactivity, diet and air pollution; age and inherited factors also matter.\n\nSigns that can occur: May be silent until an event. Chest discomfort, breathlessness or pain spreading to the arm or jaw can occur.\n\nWhat supports health: Smoke-free environments, activity, a balanced diet and clinical management of blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol support cardiovascular health.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"stroke","kind":"cause","title":"Stroke: risks, context and evidence","description":"Raised blood pressure, tobacco, diabetes, inactivity and other vascular risks; not every stroke has the same mechanism.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 2 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 6,839,699. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Raised blood pressure, tobacco, diabetes, inactivity and other vascular risks; not every stroke has the same mechanism."],["Signs that can occur","Sudden one-sided weakness, facial droop, difficulty speaking or seeing, or a sudden severe headache."],["What supports health","Blood-pressure detection and treatment, tobacco avoidance and vascular risk management reduce risk. Prompt emergency care matters when symptoms appear."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Cardiovascular diseases (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cardiovascular-diseases-(cvds)"},{"label":"WHO: Hypertension (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension"}],"related":["journal/salt-substitute","journal/fibre","journal/pure-activity"],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=stroke","path":"/api/research/cause/stroke","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/stroke","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 2 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 6,839,699. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Raised blood pressure, tobacco, diabetes, inactivity and other vascular risks; not every stroke has the same mechanism.\n\nSigns that can occur: Sudden one-sided weakness, facial droop, difficulty speaking or seeing, or a sudden severe headache.\n\nWhat supports health: Blood-pressure detection and treatment, tobacco avoidance and vascular risk management reduce risk. Prompt emergency care matters when symptoms appear.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"copd","kind":"cause","title":"Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: risks, context and evidence","description":"Tobacco smoke, household pollution, occupational dust and fumes, early-life lung development and some genetic conditions.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 3 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 3,622,774. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Tobacco smoke, household pollution, occupational dust and fumes, early-life lung development and some genetic conditions."],["Signs that can occur","Persistent cough, breathlessness, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis requires assessment, often including spirometry."],["What supports health","Less tobacco and pollution exposure, appropriate vaccines, prescribed treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation can support breathing and daily function."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2026)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=copd","path":"/api/research/cause/copd","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/copd","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 3 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 3,622,774. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Tobacco smoke, household pollution, occupational dust and fumes, early-life lung development and some genetic conditions.\n\nSigns that can occur: Persistent cough, breathlessness, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis requires assessment, often including spirometry.\n\nWhat supports health: Less tobacco and pollution exposure, appropriate vaccines, prescribed treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation can support breathing and daily function.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"respiratory","kind":"cause","title":"Lower respiratory infections: risks, context and evidence","description":"Infectious agents, vulnerability from undernutrition or impaired immunity, polluted air and barriers to timely care.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 4 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,714,174. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Infectious agents, vulnerability from undernutrition or impaired immunity, polluted air and barriers to timely care."],["Signs that can occur","For childhood pneumonia: cough or difficulty breathing, fast breathing or chest indrawing, with or without fever. Patterns vary by age and infection."],["What supports health","Vaccination, adequate nutrition, cleaner air and timely diagnosis and treatment help protect respiratory health. The linked guidance is child-focused."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Pneumonia in children (2022)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=respiratory","path":"/api/research/cause/respiratory","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/respiratory","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 4 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,714,174. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Infectious agents, vulnerability from undernutrition or impaired immunity, polluted air and barriers to timely care.\n\nSigns that can occur: For childhood pneumonia: cough or difficulty breathing, fast breathing or chest indrawing, with or without fever. Patterns vary by age and infection.\n\nWhat supports health: Vaccination, adequate nutrition, cleaner air and timely diagnosis and treatment help protect respiratory health. The linked guidance is child-focused.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"dementia","kind":"cause","title":"Alzheimer disease and other dementias: risks, context and evidence","description":"Age, vascular and metabolic conditions, tobacco, inactivity, social isolation and environmental factors; multiple disease processes contribute.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 5 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,139,282. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Age, vascular and metabolic conditions, tobacco, inactivity, social isolation and environmental factors; multiple disease processes contribute."],["Signs that can occur","Progressive changes in memory, thinking, communication or familiar daily activities. Occasional forgetfulness alone is not a diagnosis."],["What supports health","Physical, social and cognitive activity, vascular risk management and supportive care can help preserve function and quality of life; no guaranteed prevention."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Dementia (2026)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia"},{"label":"WHO: Ageing and health (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=dementia","path":"/api/research/cause/dementia","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/dementia","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 5 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,139,282. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Age, vascular and metabolic conditions, tobacco, inactivity, social isolation and environmental factors; multiple disease processes contribute.\n\nSigns that can occur: Progressive changes in memory, thinking, communication or familiar daily activities. Occasional forgetfulness alone is not a diagnosis.\n\nWhat supports health: Physical, social and cognitive activity, vascular risk management and supportive care can help preserve function and quality of life; no guaranteed prevention.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"diabetes","kind":"cause","title":"Diabetes mellitus: risks, context and evidence","description":"Type 2 risk reflects genetics, body composition and activity among other factors. Type 1 is different and cannot currently be prevented.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 6 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,037,795. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Type 2 risk reflects genetics, body composition and activity among other factors. Type 1 is different and cannot currently be prevented."],["Signs that can occur","Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision or unintended weight loss; type 2 symptoms can be mild or unnoticed for years."],["What supports health","Activity, a healthy diet and avoiding tobacco can prevent or delay type 2. Access to medicines, glucose management and complication screening matter for diabetes care."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Diabetes (2024)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes"}],"related":["journal/sugary-drinks","journal/fibre"],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=diabetes","path":"/api/research/cause/diabetes","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/diabetes","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 6 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 2,037,795. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Type 2 risk reflects genetics, body composition and activity among other factors. Type 1 is different and cannot currently be prevented.\n\nSigns that can occur: Thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision or unintended weight loss; type 2 symptoms can be mild or unnoticed for years.\n\nWhat supports health: Activity, a healthy diet and avoiding tobacco can prevent or delay type 2. Access to medicines, glucose management and complication screening matter for diabetes care.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"lung","kind":"cause","title":"Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers: risks, context and evidence","description":"Tobacco and second-hand smoke, air pollution, radon and occupational exposures. Cancer also occurs without these exposures.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 7 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,801,165. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Tobacco and second-hand smoke, air pollution, radon and occupational exposures. Cancer also occurs without these exposures."],["Signs that can occur","Persistent cough, coughing blood, breathlessness, chest pain or unexplained weight loss. Early symptoms may be mild."],["What supports health","Tobacco avoidance and cessation, cleaner air and safer workplaces reduce exposure. Clinical assessment of persistent symptoms and appropriate high-risk screening matter."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Lung cancer (2026)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lung-cancer"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=lung","path":"/api/research/cause/lung","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/lung","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 7 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,801,165. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Tobacco and second-hand smoke, air pollution, radon and occupational exposures. Cancer also occurs without these exposures.\n\nSigns that can occur: Persistent cough, coughing blood, breathlessness, chest pain or unexplained weight loss. Early symptoms may be mild.\n\nWhat supports health: Tobacco avoidance and cessation, cleaner air and safer workplaces reduce exposure. Clinical assessment of persistent symptoms and appropriate high-risk screening matter.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"hypertensive","kind":"cause","title":"Hypertensive heart disease: risks, context and evidence","description":"Long-standing high blood pressure can damage the heart; diet, activity, age, genetics and access to detection and treatment contribute.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 8 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,600,066. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Long-standing high blood pressure can damage the heart; diet, activity, age, genetics and access to detection and treatment contribute."],["Signs that can occur","High blood pressure is often symptom-free. Absence of headache or chest discomfort does not show that blood pressure is safe."],["What supports health","Blood-pressure measurement, lower-salt diets, activity, tobacco cessation and prescribed treatment can reduce complications."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Hypertension (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=hypertensive","path":"/api/research/cause/hypertensive","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/hypertensive","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 8 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,600,066. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Long-standing high blood pressure can damage the heart; diet, activity, age, genetics and access to detection and treatment contribute.\n\nSigns that can occur: High blood pressure is often symptom-free. Absence of headache or chest discomfort does not show that blood pressure is safe.\n\nWhat supports health: Blood-pressure measurement, lower-salt diets, activity, tobacco cessation and prescribed treatment can reduce complications.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"kidney","kind":"cause","title":"Kidney diseases: risks, context and evidence","description":"Multiple causes; diabetes and high blood pressure can damage kidneys. The mortality category is not identical to diabetes-related kidney deaths.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 9 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,414,803. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Multiple causes; diabetes and high blood pressure can damage kidneys. The mortality category is not identical to diabetes-related kidney deaths."],["Signs that can occur","Symptoms alone cannot identify the cause or stage of kidney disease; clinical assessment is needed. No single symptom pattern represents this entire category."],["What supports health","Management of blood pressure and diabetes, access to ongoing care and appropriate complication screening can help protect kidney health."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Hypertension (2025)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension"},{"label":"WHO: Diabetes (2024)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=kidney","path":"/api/research/cause/kidney","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/kidney","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 9 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,414,803. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Multiple causes; diabetes and high blood pressure can damage kidneys. The mortality category is not identical to diabetes-related kidney deaths.\n\nSigns that can occur: Symptoms alone cannot identify the cause or stage of kidney disease; clinical assessment is needed. No single symptom pattern represents this entire category.\n\nWhat supports health: Management of blood pressure and diabetes, access to ongoing care and appropriate complication screening can help protect kidney health.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."},{"id":"diarrhoea","kind":"cause","title":"Diarrhoeal diseases: risks, context and evidence","description":"Contaminated food or water, inadequate sanitation, undernutrition, impaired immunity and lack of timely treatment.","updated":null,"sections":[["Global mortality context","Rank 10 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,248,112. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes."],["Risk context","Contaminated food or water, inadequate sanitation, undernutrition, impaired immunity and lack of timely treatment."],["Signs that can occur","Frequent loose stools, with dehydration in severe illness; inability to drink or marked lethargy are concerning signs."],["What supports health","Safe water, sanitation, handwashing, nutrition, appropriate vaccination and prompt rehydration and care support survival."],["Limits","Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."]],"sources":[{"label":"WHO: Diarrhoeal disease (2024)","url":"https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diarrhoeal-disease"}],"related":[],"appPath":"/contexts?cause=diarrhoea","path":"/api/research/cause/diarrhoea","url":"https://aging-studio.com/api/research/cause/diarrhoea","text":"Global mortality context: Rank 10 in WHO GHE 2023; estimated deaths: 1,248,112. Data year, not the current year's count. Global · all ages · both sexes.\n\nRisk context: Contaminated food or water, inadequate sanitation, undernutrition, impaired immunity and lack of timely treatment.\n\nSigns that can occur: Frequent loose stools, with dehydration in severe illness; inability to drink or marked lethargy are concerning signs.\n\nWhat supports health: Safe water, sanitation, handwashing, nutrition, appropriate vaccination and prompt rehydration and care support survival.\n\nLimits: Population mortality is not prevalence or a personal prognosis. Risks and symptoms do not establish a diagnosis. Seek professional care for health concerns."}]}